Outcome measures used in that study included the Sorensen Test, a pain scale, and a disability questionnaire. . 2). The Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ) was used to measure disability, and the Sorensen Test was used to measure trunk extensor endurance. Pain may have inhibited an optimum exercise training stimulus. P The amount of pain experienced was reduced faster in the experimental group than in the control group. Kremer 1.Trunk flexor test (TFT) • The TFT is used to assess the endurance of the anterior musculature of the core (rectus abdominis) (Brumitt, 2010). Numerous isometric tests for measuring trunk (torso) stabilization and endurance have been described in previous studies (1,4,5,8,11). , Moritz U, Andersson M. Jorgensen Epub 2017 Oct 31. Your comment will be reviewed and published at the journal's discretion. Effects of Trigger Point Dry Needling for Nontraumatic Shoulder Pain of Musculoskeletal Origin: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. The examiner looks for substitution of the platysma or SCM muscle. They were requested to refer suitable patients to the physical therapy department on the same day. , Öhlund C, Eek C, et al. 345–6). They were advised to use the hot pack at home, and they were not given further treatment at the physical therapy department. Beverley Chok, Raymond Lee, Jane Latimer, Seang Beng Tan, Endurance Training of the Trunk Extensor Muscles in People With Subacute Low Back Pain, Physical Therapy, Volume 79, Issue 11, 1 November 1999, Pages 1032–1042, https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/79.11.1032. Similarly, trunk muscle endurance also became increasingly correlated with pain perception from the beginning of the study to the 6-week assessment, although this increase was not as large as for back disability as measured by the RMDQ. The registration clerk in the physical therapy department directed the referred patients to the researcher (BC) immediately. A post hoc test demonstrated no differences between groups, and the improvement made in both groups was not statistically significant. The faster improvement with exercise may imply an earlier return to normal duty in the workforce, which helps to increase productivity and minimizes additional health care costs. This finding differs from those in previous studies.14,19 Our results could be due to differences in exercise dosage and patient profile. , Nicolaisen T. Marras Stopwatch or clock with a second hand 2. 2018 Jan;41(1):1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2017.06.012. Decrease in the endurance of postural muscles has been associated with postural defects and deformities (Mbada et al, 2010). . 23 The subjects lay in the prone position on the examining table, with the upper edge of the iliac crests positioned on the upper edge of the table. Materials and method: Endurance times ofsedentary workers aged 20-49 years were determined by an extensor endurance, aflexor endurance, and right and left side bridge (trunk lateral flexor) tests. 2018 Feb;42(1):59-66. doi: 10.5535/arm.2018.42.1.59. Conclusions: TEEP protocol alone is effective in improving trunk extensor muscle endurance and its combination with core stabilization exercises will not produce any significant improvements over use of TEEP alone. 1).  |  H The control group received traditional medical care only, such as analgesics and rest. , Atkinson H, Ignelzi R. Reading Instructions 1. Thus, it was not possible to evaluate the effectiveness of the exercise program on back extensor endurance alone. Finally, the Spearman correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationships between the various pain measures, the RMDQ, and the Sorensen Test with the alpha level set at .05. Trunk Flexor Endurance Test (also called the V-sit-Flexor Endurance Test) Equipment 1. The subjects in the control group were assessed once every 3 weeks. Park HW, Baek S, Kim HY, Park JG, Kang EK. Subjects who encountered difficulty with a particular level of exercise (eg, level 2) were asked to stop the exercise and try to perform the exercise at a higher level (eg, level 3). Epub 2018 May 16. Parnianpour A Differences in visual analog scale (VAS) scores for pain during the preceding 24 hours between the experimental and control groups. Unfortunately, the intervention was not standardized, and pain was the only outcome measure. Manske It is possible, therefore, that the attention given by the researcher to the subjects in the experimental group may have contributed to the improvements seen in this group. Over a decade ago, a study by Deyo et al53 demonstrated that patients benefited from minimal bed rest, with 78% of their sample population being subjects with subacute low back pain. Roland Which Neuromuscular Attributes Are Associated With Changes in Mobility Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults With Symptomatic Lumbar Spinal Stenosis? Trunk extensor endurance training reduced pain and improved function at 3 weeks but resulted in no improvement at 6 weeks when compared with the control group. Schmidt CT, Ward RE, Suri P, Kiely DK, Goldstein R, Pensheng N, Anderson DE, Bean JF. Stankovic These tests are generally simple to administer, with performance evaluated by the maximum time that the test can be held, and are … At the 6-week reassessment, however, both groups reported similar pain. The disability questionnaire was designed by the authors and consisted of 15 questions pertaining to everyday activities. At the 3-week reassessment, the VAS scores for present pain and pain during the preceding 24 hours, total PRI score, and sensory PRI score were lower for the experimental group than for the control group (P<.05). R All subjects were informed of the protection of their rights and gave written informed consent. Some researchers2,5,6 have postulated that endurance may be more important than "instantaneous muscle strength" in the prevention of back pain.3 In a study by Jorgensen and Nicolaisen7, persons with low isometric endurance of the trunk extensors had more serious attacks of low back pain than other individuals with similar trunk extensor strength. Differences in Sorensen Test scores between the experimental and control groups. The scale's 5 grades were: 1=“no sweat, could have done 1 more round,” 2=“just nice,” 3=“slightly strenuous, but coping okay,” 4=“can't continue anymore,” and 5=“just can't do it.” Subjects were progressed to the next exercise in addition to the existing exercise if their responses were scale grades 1, 2, or 3. , Richardson CA, Jull GA. Jensen , Larsson U. Erhard The ease of coping with the exercise was assessed using a categorical scale. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. This study was approved by the Human Ethics Committee of the University of Sydney and the Ethics Committee of Singapore General Hospital. Function was defined as the individual's ability to perform the necessary everyday activities. , Aleksiev AR, Magnusson ML, et al. Thank you for submitting a comment on this article. 2 • The Sorensen test has been validated as a differential diagnostic test for low back pain. There was no difference in affective PRI and evaluative PRI between the groups. , Karoly P, Harris P. Chok The reliability induction rate of trunk extension endurance measures was also calculated. develop normative sex- and athlete-specific percentiles for a trunk stabilization and muscular endurance by using a prone forearm plank test in college-aged students. Our results do not support the hypothesis that muscle endurance training improves extensor endurance as measured by the Sorensen Test at 3 and 6 weeks. Pain and disability scores did not assume normality using the Lilliefors modification of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (N=54). Performing the Test: Tuck patients chin in and lift off table 1 inch. Kahanovitz et al19 studied a group of women without low back pain who exercised 5 times per week. There were differences between the 2 groups at 3 weeks in regard to pain intensity during the evaluation session and pain experienced over the preceding 24 hours, the total MPQ PRI, the sensory component of the MPQ PRI, and the RMDQ. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. Evidence suggests that muscle endurance is lower for people with low back pain than for individuals without low back pain.5–7 Using the Sorensen Test as a measure of spinal extensor endurance, some researchers5–7 have found a difference in holding time between subjects with chronic low back pain (CLBP) and individuals without low back pain.5–7 These findings seem to suggest that poor trunk extensor endurance is associated with prolonged or recurrent back pain. Hides In contrast with previous studies of non-athletes, male athletes had equivalent holding times on the Biering–Sørensen trunk extensor endurance test to those of female athletes. There were differences between the 2 groups at 3 weeks with regard to pain intensity during the evaluation session, pain experienced over the preceding 24 hours, the total MPQ PRI, the sensory component of the MPQ PRI, and the RMDQ. R The effects of muscle endurance training have been investigated in subjects with CLBP13 and in individuals without low back pain.14 The efficacy of such training in patients with subacute low back pain has not been studied. , Rehfeld J. Manniche Subjects were reminded not to seek treatment from other health care professionals or physicians practicing traditional Chinese medicine. E Endurance of the trunk extensors was measured using the Sorensen Test (Fig. K  |  , Nordin M, Verderame R, et al. F AE Unfortunately, the exercises that had been particularly effective could not be determined from this study. Spitzer , Huskisson EC. Scott The Effectiveness of Hollowing and Bracing Strategies With Lumbar Stabilization Exercise in Older Adult Women With Nonspecific Low Back Pain: A Quasi-Experimental Study on a Community-based Rehabilitation. . M Coxhead 2006 Aug 25;7:70. doi: 10.1186/1471-2474-7-70. , Gilbertson L, Frymoyer J, et al. . Clinicians treating patients with low back pain often use exercise to reduce pain and improve function. There was some correlation, however, between various pain measurements and the RMDQ scores for both groups (r=.49-.81, P<.05). The results of this project were presented orally at the Second National Congress of the Singapore Physiotherapy Association, July 1997, Singapore. , Bischoff D, O'Connell E, et al. yardstick, ruler, tape measure), marker. I Trunk muscle stabilization training plus general exercise versus general exercise only: randomized controlled trial of patients with recurrent low back pain. Therefore, our study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of trunk muscle endurance training in reducing pain and improving muscle endurance and function in patients with subacute low back pain. 1 ... Purpose: To review the usefulness of the Ito test as a test of trunk muscle endurance. In one study,17 workers with back pain who participated in an exercise program that included endurance exercise returned to work earlier than the subjects in a control group. Sixty-six subjects were recruited from the patients regularly referred to Outpatient Physiotherapy Services, Physiotherapy Department, Singapore General Hospital. RESULTS: , Haugh LD, Haig AJ, et al. . Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Ahles Concept/research design and writing were provided by B Chok, J Latimer, and R Lee; data analysis, by B Chok, SB Tan, and R Lee; data collection and project management, by B Chok and SB Tan; and subjects, by SB Tan. 345–6). Therefore, differences in pain and disability measures between the experimental and control groups were compared by a nonparametric method (ie, Mann-Whitney U test, with an alpha level of .05) at the 3- and 6-week reassessment sessions. Because the effectiveness of endurance training of the trunk extensors was demonstrated, we suggest that future studies should evaluate the effectiveness of a program incorporating early muscle reconditioning for 3 weeks, followed by task-specific training and workplace integration. , Gilbert JR, Taylor DW, Hildebrand A. Lindström Endurance exercise is considered to expedite the recovery process for patients with an acute episode of low back pain. Exercise mat or padded exercise table 3. LBP=low back pain; NA=not applicable; sedentary lifestyle=perform aerobic exercise at least once a week; active lifestyle=perform aerobic exercise at least 3 times a week. , Hesselsoe G, Bentzen L, et al. RE MP COVID-19 is an emerging, rapidly evolving situation. Trunk extensor endurance training reduced pain and improved function at 3 weeks but resulted in no improvement at 6 weeks when compared with the control group. A record was kept by the physical therapist. Disability was better correlated with pain measures than endurance performance in our subjects with subacute low back pain. 2 Champagne, A. et al 2008 Back and hip extensor muscles fatigue in healthy subjects: task-dependency effect of two variants of the Sorensen test. 14, Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, Public Health Service, US Department of Health and Human Services, Conservative treatment of acute low-back pain, a prospective randomized trial: McKenzie method of treatment versus patient education in “mini back school, Results of a multicenter trial using an intensive active exercise program for the treatment of acute soft tissue and back injuries, Rehabilitation program following polycentric total knee arthroplasty, Acute low back problems in adults, AHCPR Guideline No, Journal of Manual and Manipulative Therapy, Comparative validity of the sickness impact profile and shorter scales for functional assessment in low-back pain, © 1999 American Physical Therapy Association. Carr . _____ Key words: [1,7].Trunk extensor endurance training protocol (TEEP), core stabilization exercises, Modified Sorenson test. CP Subjects in the experimental group attended exercise sessions 3 times a week for 6 weeks. Subjects were instructed to read the back care booklet provided by the physical therapy department. The first level consisted of bilateral shoulder lifts in a prone position. Error bar represents range (sig=significant at P<.05, ns=not significant at P<.05; Mann-Whitney U test). HHS NLM Assessment of trunk extensors by means of maximum effor t tests 2.1 Non-dynamometric tests Trunk extensor performance has been measured with clinical tests for more than 50 years (Hansen, 1964). Subjects in the experimental group continued the trunk extensor endurance training program following the guidelines described for 6 weeks (ie, until the end of the study). Background and purpose: Reassessments were carried out at 3 and 6 weeks. Chok B , Lee R , Latimer J , Tan SB Phys Ther , 79(11):1032-1042, 01 Nov 1999 The Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ) was used to measure disability, and the Sorensen Test was used to measure trunk extensor endurance. Frank E MT Seidel The reduction of pain may have enabled the subjects to carry on with their activities of daily living, and thus they reported reduced disability. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. This observation concurs with previous reports that that patients with nonspecific low back pain recovered within 2 months.15,16,38. E MT Postural education and back care advice were also given during the initial session.34. The first exercise session commenced immediately following the initial assessment. trunk muscle endurance tests in low back pain. The subjects' pain perception may have influenced their perception of disability as a result of their back pain. They were progressed to 10 seconds if there was no adverse response. A visual analog scale and the pain rating index (PRI) of the McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ) were used to obtain baseline measurements of pain. At 6 weeks, no differences were found for pain measurements, disability scores, and holding time on the Sorensen Test. F Epub 2007 Sep 25. Similar to other treatments for nonspecific low back pain such as manipulation combined with range of motion exercises,39,40 muscle endurance exercise demonstrated an effect in the short term. The duration of the acute back pain was usually 1 to 2 weeks, and 50% of these patients had complaints of discomfort for more than 5 years prior to this acute episode. Kuorinka If the pain diminished within 5 minutes after the exercise, they were asked to continue the exercise but to hold the exercise position for only 5 seconds. 2018 Nov;99(11):2190-2197. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2018.04.019. If the exercise stimulus is relatively low, such as that demonstrated in the submaximal exercise program of our study, increased oxidative capacity may or may not have resulted.43 Thus, the submaximal exertion demanded by the exercise program in our study on subjects with subacute low back pain was not able to demonstrate an effect on the muscle endurance as measured by the Sorensen Test. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of trunk extensor endurance training in reducing pain and decreasing disability in subjects with subacute low back pain (ie, onset of back pain within 7 days to 7 weeks). J (extensor endurance test), 2) the sternum (flexor endurance test) 3) the right or 4) the left greater trochanter (side bridge test) to maintain trunk position and monitor by a researcher (KS) during each isometric trunk endurance test. Exercise attendance is defined as the percentage of attendances out of a total of 18 exercise sessions (3 times per week for 6 weeks) (exercise attendance=[X attendance/18 sessions]×100%). Subjects were given a rest of at least 10 to 15 minutes before performing the retest. . Background and Purpose. The dosage of 5 series of 10 repetitions for 6 cycles was adopted from a previous protocol for subjects with acute low back pain.12 Holding time in the unsupported position was gradually increased to 20 seconds to provide a greater training stimulus. , Cibulka MT, Erhard RE, et al. The warm-up protocol included cycling on an ergometer at 40 to 90 W for 7 to 10 minutes. The exercise period ranged from 30 to 45 minutes. In the control group, the strength of the correlation between the Sorensen Test and VAS scores obtained immediately before and after the test increased over time (initially: r=.43, P<.05; at 6 weeks: r=.60, P<.01). The results of our study differ from those of studies in which no improvements were found following exercise intervention.16,39–41 The exercise program in these studies consisted of flexion and extension mobility exercises. , Beyer H, Brauer D. Hultman After 10 repetitions, the subjects were instructed to rest for 30 seconds to 1 minute.32,33 For subjects who performed well and had indicated the level of ease as grade 1 or 2, the rest interval was 1 minute for every 50 repetitions until 300 repetitions were completed. The torso deviation was monitored using the B-Tracker,* a multiaxial electrogoniometer specifically designed to measure angular displacement of the spine. Of patients with low back pain subjects also performed the Sorensen test has been associated Changes. Carr D, O'Connell E, Atkinson H, Ignelzi R. Reading AE unfortunately, the subjects were not. However, female athletes had significantly lower holding times on the side bridge endurance tests in back. 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